走进沙特非遗 | 十大沙漠瑰宝，你知道几个？

2026 年 4 月 29 日

在这片连接亚非两大洲的古老土地上，最打动人心的风景，往往蕴藏在千百年间代代相传的文化“活化石”之中。它们不是沉睡在博物馆里的藏品，而是流淌在城市街巷、田间地头、百姓人家中的鲜活脉搏。

自2008年加入联合国教科文组织《保护非物质文化遗产公约》以来，沙特已有超过16项文化元素成功列入联合国教科文组织世界非物质文化遗产名录，涵盖口头传统、表演艺术、社会习俗、礼仪活动和传统工艺。

On this ancient land linking Asia and Africa, the most touching scenery often lies in the living cultural fossils passed down from generation to generation for thousands of years.

They are not collections slumbering in museums, but a vibrant pulse flowing through city streets, rural fields and ordinary households.

Since joining the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2008, Saudi Arabia has had more than 16 cultural elements inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List, covering oral traditions, performing arts, social customs, ceremonial events and traditional crafts.

最具仪式感的民族瑰宝：沙特阿尔达舞

（Al-Ardah Al-Najdiyah）

The Most Ritualistic National Treasure

如果说要给沙特非遗选一张名片，非阿尔达舞莫属。

2015年，沙特阿尔达被正式列入联合国教科文组织《人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录》，成为沙特首个被列入该名录的文化元素。

阿尔达是一种融合舞蹈、击鼓和诗歌吟唱的传统表演艺术。舞者常分为两列，手持长剑面对面，伴随雄浑的鼓点和激昂的诗句，有节奏地前后舞动。它不仅是沙特权威的国际欢迎礼仪，出现在外国元首访问期间的官方庆典中，也是国庆节、婚礼、重大节日等各类庆祝场合的压轴大戏。

阿尔达舞的灵魂在于诗歌与鼓声。表演以“哈瓦拉巴”呼唤声开场，一位嗓音洪亮的表演者吟诵两至三行诗句，为所有参与者整队；随后诗人吟诵主诗句，鼓手们依次敲响塔赫米尔鼓和塔斯利斯鼓，节奏从缓慢逐渐加速推向高潮。最后，表演者们汇聚在旗帜周围，高举长剑，唱响对领导者的忠诚呼声，为整场表演画上壮丽句点。这种诗歌与战舞的独特呼应形式，至今已经沿用了数百年。

If we were to pick a cultural icon for Saudi Arabia’s intangible heritage, nothing embodies it better than the Al-Ardah dance.

In 2015, Saudi Arabia’s Al-Ardah was officially inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, becoming the country’s first cultural item to earn this recognition.

Al-Ardah is a traditional performing art that blends dance, drumbeats, and poetic chanting. Dancers usually line up in two rows facing each other, holding long swords. They move rhythmically back and forth to powerful drumbeats and impassioned verses.

It serves not only as Saudi Arabia’s grand official welcoming ceremony for visiting foreign heads of state at state celebrations, but also as the grand finale at National Day festivities, weddings, and major cultural occasions.

The soul of Al-Ardah lies in its poetry and drum rhythms. The performance opens with the resonant call of Hawalaba. A vocalist with a powerful voice recites two to three lines of verse to align all participants. Poets then chant the main verses, while drummers strike the Tahmiri and Taslis drums in sequence. The tempo gradually builds from slow to a stirring climax.

At the end, performers gather around the national banner, raise their swords high, and chant oaths of loyalty to the nation’s leaders, bringing the entire performance to a magnificent close.

This unique harmony of poetic recitation and warrior dance has been preserved and passed down for hundreds of years.

优雅与技艺完美交融：梅兹马尔棍舞

（Al-Mezmar Stick Dance）

Perfect Blend of Elegance and Skill

2016年，沙特“棍舞”梅兹马尔成功入选世界非物质文化遗产名录。这是一种流行于沙特西部汉志地区的传统集体表演，常在婚礼、家庭庆典及全国性节日中亮相。

梅兹马尔最大的特色在于参与者手持细木棒，排成两列，在鼓点和掌声的伴奏下，两列队伍中领舞的两人以快速流畅的手法不断旋转木棒，配合身体的律动，节奏明快、动感十足，兼具军事训练的严谨与欢庆气氛的狂热。很难想象，数百年前流传下来的棍剑操练，如今已成为展示力量与精致仪式感的视觉盛宴。

In 2016, Saudi Arabia’s stick dance Al-Mezmar was successfully inscribed on the World Intangible Cultural Heritage List.

It is a traditional group performance popular in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia, often staged at weddings, family celebrations and national festivals.

The most distinctive feature of Al-Mezmar is that performers hold slender wooden sticks and line up in two rows. Accompanied by drumbeats and clapping, the lead dancers from both lines twirl their sticks rapidly and gracefully with coordinated body movements. The dance is brisk in rhythm and full of vitality, combining the solemnity of military drills with the fervor of festive celebration.

It is hard to imagine that the stick-and-sword drills passed down over centuries have now evolved into a visual feast showcasing strength and exquisite ritual charm.

沙漠女儿的艺术密码：阿西尔盖特壁画

（Al-Qatt Al-Asiri）

The Artistic Code of Desert Daughters: Qatt Murals of Asir

2017年，这门独特的墙壁装饰艺术正式被列为非物质文化遗产。阿西尔地区盛产色彩明亮的天然矿物颜料，在当地传统的“男主外、女主内”家族分工中，男性负责用岩石垒砌厚实的房屋框架以抵御冰雹暴雨，而墙壁、天花板与门窗内的“软装”——用红、黄、绿等几何图案进行绘画装饰，则由家族中的女主人带领女性亲友共同完成。

壁画从创作到上色通常需要家族中的女性亲自研究配比、即兴发挥，完成整面墙壁的绘制往往长达数日甚至数月，每个家族的祖传图案和习得技艺在欢声笑语中代代流传，无形中成为当地女性提升社交与家庭地位的独特文化桥梁。其图案主要以几何形状（横向或纵向的简练线条）和具象花卉纹样为主，朴素之下尽是精湛的审美哲学。

If dance represents male-dominated rituals and glory, the Asir Qatt murals of the southwestern Asir region serve as a secret language of freedom exclusive to local women.This unique wall-decorating art was officially inscribed as intangible cultural heritage in 2017.

The Asir region is rich in brightly hued natural mineral pigments. Under the traditional local family division of labor—where men work outside the home and women manage household affairs—men build sturdy house frameworks with rocks to withstand hailstorms and heavy rains. Meanwhile, the interior embellishments on walls, ceilings, doors and windows, decorated with geometric patterns in red, yellow, green and other hues, are created collectively by the matriarch of each family together with female relatives and friends.

From design to coloring, the murals require local women to research pigment proportions and create impromptu compositions entirely by themselves. It often takes days or even months to finish painting an entire wall. Ancestral patterns and inherited craftsmanship of each family are passed down from generation to generation amid laughter and conversation, silently becoming a unique cultural bridge for local women to elevate their social and family status.

Its motifs mainly consist of geometric shapes — simple horizontal and vertical lines — and realistic floral patterns. Beneath their plain appearance lies an exquisite philosophy of aesthetics.

穿梭在织机上的游牧记忆 : 萨杜编织

（Al-Sadu）

Nomadic Memories Woven on the Loom: Sadu Weaving

2020年，沙特与科威特联合申报的“萨杜传统编织”成功登入联合国教科文组织非遗名录。萨杜在阿拉伯语中意为“横向编织”，特指一种由贝都因妇女在地面织机上进行的经面平纹编织工艺，以绵羊毛、驼毛或山羊毛为原料，织成耐用耐磨的帐篷、地毯和背包。

萨杜纺织品以几何图案的重复阵列见长，配色鲜明艳丽，线条舒展有力，形象地勾勒了沙漠生活中潺潺起伏的沙丘与烈日灼烧的缝隙感。2020年G20利雅得峰会的会标设计正是一幅彩色萨杜织物的抽象视觉符号，象征着沙特对本土文化艺术传承的尊重与自信。如今，许多年轻的沙特设计师已开始将传统的萨杜图案巧妙改良并融入现代时装，使其将传统手工艺与未来的潮流审美无缝衔接。

In 2020, the traditional craft of Sadu weaving, jointly nominated by Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, was inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List.

Derived from Arabic, Sadu means “horizontal weaving”. It specifically refers to a warp-faced plain weave technique practiced by Bedouin women on ground looms. Using sheep’s wool, camel wool or goat wool as raw materials, they weave durable tents, carpets and bags.

Sadu textiles are renowned for repetitive geometric patterns in vivid, striking colours with flowing, powerful lines, vividly evoking the undulating sand dunes and sun-scorched textures of desert life.

The emblem of the 2020 Riyadh G20 Summit was designed as an abstract visual symbol inspired by colourful Sadu fabrics, symbolising Saudi Arabia’s respect for and confidence in inheriting its indigenous culture and art.

Today, many young Saudi designers have begun to reinterpret traditional Sadu patterns and integrate them into modern fashion, seamlessly connecting age-old craftsmanship with contemporary aesthetic trends.

连接社群的慷慨象征：麦汁里斯和沙特咖啡

（Al-Ardah Al-Najdiyah）

A Generous Symbol of Community Bonding

在沙特，几乎每一户人家的宅子里都有一间空间敞亮、铺满地毯和散落坐垫的“麦汁里斯”（意为“会客厅”）——这是家庭成员聚集、邻里交流消息、乃至部落间协商共识的重要场所。

接待客人时，主人会用传统咖啡壶“达拉”蒸馏烘焙研磨后的咖啡豆，佐入少许小豆蔻烹煮出特有的金色焦香咖啡，盛入无柄的小杯“芬詹”中递到每一位访客手中，而客人需一饮而尽（摇晃空杯则示意无需再加）。2015年，沙特、阿联酋、卡塔尔和阿曼四国联合申报，将“麦汁里斯”与“阿拉伯咖啡”双双列入非物质文化遗产。2022年，沙特文化部正式将阿拉伯咖啡更名为“沙特咖啡”，既巩固了沙特在咖啡文化萌芽版图中的重要角色，也向世界释放了极为鲜明的慷慨好客、四海一家的传统文化信号。

In Saudi Arabia, almost every home features a spacious Majlis—literally meaning “a place of sitting”—carpeted throughout and furnished with scattered floor cushions. It serves as an important venue for family gatherings, neighborhood conversations, and even tribal negotiations to reach mutual agreement.

When receiving guests, the host roasts and grinds coffee beans, then brews them with a touch of cardamom in the traditional coffee pot Dallah. This produces a distinctive golden, richly aromatic coffee, which is poured into handleless small cups called Finjan and offered to every visitor. Guests are expected to drink it in one sip; shaking the empty cup signals that no refill is needed.

In 2015, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Oman jointly nominated Majlis and Arabic Coffee, and both were inscribed on the Intangible Cultural Heritage List.

In 2022, the Saudi Ministry of Culture officially renamed Arabic Coffee to Saudi Coffee. This move consolidates Saudi Arabia’s pivotal place in the origin of coffee culture and sends a strong cultural message to the world of traditional generosity, hospitality and universal brotherhood.

舌尖上的非遗：哈瓦拉尼咖啡豆和椰枣种植

（Hawlani Coffee Beans and Date Palm Cultivation）

Intangible Heritage on the Tongue

2022年，联合国教科文组织正式将“哈瓦拉尼咖啡豆的种植知识与技术”列入人类非遗名录。几个世纪以来，沙特吉赞山区高山梯田中的哈瓦拉尼部落一直精于深耕这种带有浓郁果香气、略带橄榄绿光泽的咖啡豆，这种豆芳香异常且稀有珍贵，被誉为“绿色金子”。

直至今日，沙特南部偏远的古老村落里，主人仍习惯用自家农场的哈瓦拉尼咖啡豆热情款待远方贵客，以此表达最诚挚的尊重

2019年，沙特同阿拉伯地区的其他13个国家凭借“关于椰枣树的本土传袭知识与生产技术及相关习俗”集体列入世界非物质文化遗产名录。在沙特，椰枣树早已不仅是一种历史悠久的生计果实，而更承载着与沙漠息息相关的生存智慧与地方庆典风俗，其叶纤维可制作棕榈叶编制品，果实则是待客、朝觐路途中必不可少的馈赠佳品，贯穿社会生活的全部细节。

In 2022, UNESCO officially inscribed Knowledge and Techniques of Cultivating Hawlani Coffee Beans onto the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

For centuries, the Hawlani tribe dwelling in the mountain terraces of Saudi Arabia’s Jizan Region has been skilled in cultivating this variety of coffee bean. It features a rich fruity fragrance and a faint olive-green luster. Exceptionally aromatic and rare, it is known as “green gold”.

To this day, in remote ancient villages across southern Saudi Arabia, local hosts still entertain distinguished guests from afar with Hawlani coffee beans grown on their own farms, as a gesture of sincere respect.

In 2019, Saudi Arabia, along with 13 other Arab countries, secured collective UNESCO intangible heritage recognition for Indigenous Knowledge, Production Techniques and Associated Traditions Related to the Date Palm.

In Saudi Arabia, the date palm is far more than a time-honored livelihood crop. It embodies desert-bound survival wisdom and local festive customs. Its leaf fibers can be crafted into palm woven products, while its fruits are an essential gift for receiving guests and for pilgrims on their journey, weaving into every facet of daily social life.

大漠的声音：骆驼游吟之声与牧区口头传统

（Al-Heda‘a）

Voice of the Desert: Al-Heda‘a and the Oral Traditions of Pastoral Lands

2022年，沙特、阿曼与阿联酋三国联合注册了“骆驼黑达”——一种贝都因牧驼人用以唤醒、引导骆驼群的独特口头传统。放牧者从古代阿拉伯部落祖先继承了一套极似古老歌曲固定音阶的声乐词句，用特殊悠长的吟唱与单调辽阔的沙漠遥相呼应，而这套复杂呐喊可与灵活调动的驼队严格同步。此种充满自由即兴风格的口头传统表演贯穿了放牧、配种、挤奶和迁徙的整个放牧周期。从现代环保及历史人文视野审视，它既是人与动物关系美妙协作的记录，也是阿拉伯半岛上纯正游牧文明智慧回响的载体。

In 2022, Saudi Arabia, Oman and the United Arab Emirates jointly inscribed Al-Heda’a — a unique oral tradition practiced by Bedouin camel herders to rouse and guide camel herds.

Passed down from the ancestors of ancient Arab tribes, herders inherit a repertoire of vocal verses structured around fixed musical scales akin to ancient chants. Their distinctive lingering chants resonate with the vast, stark desert landscape, and these intricate calls align perfectly with the movements of the camel caravans.

This freely improvised oral tradition runs through the entire pastoral cycle: grazing, breeding, milking and migration alike.

From the perspective of modern ecology, history and humanism, it not only preserves the wonderful harmony between humans and animals, but also embodies the echo of wisdom inherent to the authentic nomadic civilization of the Arabian Peninsula.

书法与金属雕刻：阿拉伯民族的美学灵魂

Calligraphy and Metal Engraving: The Aesthetic Soul of the Arab Nation

2021年，沙特与其他15个国家联合申报的阿拉伯书法正式入选世界非物质文化遗产。从清真寺墙壁铭刻的神圣经文，到日常金属装饰和家居陶艺上的流畅曲线，阿拉伯书法通过自由中蕴含规矩的韵律、细腻的笔锋设计以及形式与宗教哲学的二重性，令全世界无数艺术迷心醉神迷。

2023年，沙特与其他9个国家联合将“金属（金、银、铜）雕刻相关的艺术、技能和实践”列入非遗名录。匠人们沿袭数百年来手工锻造、锤磨、镶嵌等古老技法，在剑鞘、首饰盒、咖啡壶和室内装饰物上刻下繁复的几何图案与《古兰经》经文。一件小型的“达拉”咖啡壶往往需要十几天的手工锤击与精细雕花，凝聚了阿拉伯工匠代代相传的耐心与才华。

In 2021, Arabic Calligraphy, jointly nominated by Saudi Arabia and 15 other countries, was officially inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List.

From sacred inscriptions on mosque walls to flowing curves adorning everyday metalwork and household pottery, Arabic Calligraphy captivates art lovers worldwide with its rhythmic balance of freedom and discipline, delicate brushwork, and the duality of artistic form and religious philosophy.

In 2023, Saudi Arabia, together with nine other nations, had the arts, skills and practices associated with metal engraving in gold, silver and copper added to the heritage list.

Artisans preserve age-old techniques handed down over centuries, including hand forging, hammering and inlaying. They carve intricate geometric patterns and Quranic verses onto sword scabbards, jewelry boxes, coffee pots and interior ornaments.

A small traditional Dallah coffee pot often requires more than ten days of manual hammering and elaborate engraving, embodying the patience and craftsmanship passed down through generations of Arab artisans.

红海之滨的旋律：塞姆希米亚琴

（Semsemiah）

Melody of the Red Sea Coast

2024年12月，沙特与埃及联合申报的“塞姆西米亚乐器的制作与演奏”被联合国教科文组织正式列入非物质文化遗产名录。这是一种形似里拉琴的古老弦乐器，通常有5至12根弦，共鸣箱由木块制成并覆以骆驼皮，乐师将它放置于大腿上或抵靠髋部演奏，音色悠扬而深沉。在红海沿岸的吉达、延布等港口城市，水手和渔民们常在远航的帆船上弹拨塞姆西米亚琴，歌唱海洋的漂泊与归家的期盼，讲述数世纪前海上十字路口波澜壮阔的商贸与生命故事。由于制作和演奏技艺主要以口传身授的方式代代相传，孩子们往往从八岁左右开始，在家中长辈的指导下触摸和记忆这扇通往大航海记忆的音乐之门。

In December 2024, The Craftsmanship and Performance of the Simsimiyya Instrument, jointly submitted by Saudi Arabia and Egypt, was officially inscribed on the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

The Simsimiyya is an ancient stringed instrument shaped like a lyre, typically fitted with 5 to 12 strings. Its resonator is made of wood panels and covered with camel hide. Musicians play the instrument on their thighs or against their hips, producing a melodious, resonant and profound tone.

In port cities along the Red Sea coast such as Jeddah and Yanbu, sailors and fishermen often play the Simsimiyya on sailing ships during long voyages. They sing of drifting across the sea and longing to return home, narrating the magnificent stories of trade and life at this maritime crossroads dating back centuries.

As the craftsmanship of making the instrument and the art of playing it are passed down from generation to generation mainly through verbal instruction and personal demonstration, children usually start learning at around the age of eight. Under the guidance of elder family members, they get to know and inherit this musical gateway that keeps alive the memories of ancient maritime navigation.

民间生命美学：指甲花绘画

(Al-Henna)

Folk Aesthetics of Life

2024年，沙特与其他15个国家合作，将指甲花的设计、仪式与社会习俗一同列入非遗名录。这不仅仅是一种简单的植物染发或身体彩绘——在诸如订婚、婚礼前夕的“指甲花之夜”或传统节日（如开斋节）中，女性会将散沫花研磨成细腻泥糊，精细地描画在手掌、脚踝和手臂上，形成精美繁复的蕾丝状图腾，借以表达女性的期盼、美好的祝愿与难以言表的细腻心思。从数千年前的古老祝福到当代时尚年轻人青睐的个性图腾，指甲花稳稳地串起了中东海湾地带数不尽的喜悦与身份故事。

In 2024, Saudi Arabia collaborated with 15 other countries to have henna designs, rituals and social customs collectively inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List.

Far more than simple plant hair dye or body painting, henna plays a vital role on occasions such as engagement ceremonies, the traditional Henna Night before weddings, and festive celebrations including Eid. Women grind henna leaves into a smooth paste and paint intricate lace-like patterns delicately onto their palms, ankles and arms. The artwork expresses women’s hopes, heartfelt blessings and subtle inner sentiments beyond words.

From ancient blessings dating back thousands of years to personalized patterns favored by modern young trendsetters, henna weaves together countless moments of joy and cultural identity across the Middle East and Gulf regions.

回顾沙特从中世纪浩瀚沙漠的部落战舞，到传统海上丝绸之路悠远的红海弦音，再到现代“Vision 2030”战略中力求以保护促创新、将非遗打造成国族软实力输出至全球大舞台的宏伟视野——纵观每项入列“人类非物质遗产代表作名录”的文化实践，是千年来民众恪守传习的有声记忆，是一针一线中满含坚韧意志的活态密码。

或许下次光临沙特的纷繁市集时，你会对悬挂的萨杜织毯、手打铜刻咖啡壶、或是一串古铜色哈瓦拉尼咖啡散发的清香与果酸产生难以名状的共鸣。

在那里，历史，从不曾走远。

Looking back on Saudi Arabia — from the tribal war dances of the vast medieval deserts, to the lingering string melodies of the Red Sea along the ancient Maritime Silk Road, and further to the grand vision of Vision 2030, which strives to drive innovation through heritage preservation and project intangible cultural heritage as national soft power onto the global stage — every cultural practice inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity stands as a living oral memory cherished and passed down by people over millennia, and a living cultural code woven with perseverance in every stitch and craft.

Perhaps next time you wander through Saudi Arabia’s bustling souks, you will feel an indescribable resonance with the hanging Sadu woven tapestries, handcrafted engraved copper coffee pots, or the fragrant fruity acidity wafting from a brew of antique-hued Hawlani coffee.

There, history has never faded away.

(图片来源网络,侵删)